Cladogram generator from matrix 

x installed on your computer! The phylogenetic tree is also called the “Tree of Life” or “Dendrogram” The idea of a phylogenetic tree arose from an ancient concept of a ladder-like progression from moderate to powerful forms of life. Let's begin today by installing a few critical packages, such as ape, phangorn, phytools, and geiger. Ann Serkie Cladogram Activity Objective: To learn how to construct a cladogram. Evolution & Nature of Science Institutes (ENSI/SENSI) Lesson Plan: Making Cladograms 6 KEY TO THE CLADOGRAM: The resulting cladogram should look something like the one shown below (with or without the vertical “TIME” axis and horizontal “# OF SHARED CHARACTERISTICS”. 6, using your hypothetical animals from questions 2 and 3. My cladogram consisted of various phylums from the Animal Kingdom. Make A Cladogram Lab Answers Skicom De. X. Figure 1: A simple cladogr am of the Ph ylum Chordat a. To which species, Denisovans or Neanderthals, are modern humans more closely related? . Generally, each branch or separation on a likelihood). Bioconductor is a project to provide tools for analyzing and annotating various kinds of genomic data. Make sure that they are within the same order or family. 02 Cladogram Lab 10+ 0. ) Construct a cladogram (e. What are the advantages and disadvantages of cladistics? 3. Table 3. For example, if the matrix was created without correcting the distances for multiple substitutions at a single site, recreate the matrix using an A Cladogram Boston University. Then, we show the cladogram of the differential features in the taxonomic tree. A phylogeny is a hypothesized evolutionary history between species that takes into account things such as physical traits, biochemical traits, and fossil records. Step 2 From the cladogram below which statement is correct about the relationships amongst A, B, C and D? A related. One reliable method of building and evaluating trees, called parsimony, involves grouping taxa together in ways that minimize the number of evolutionary changes that had to have occurred in the characters. This will be the template area cladogram. Cladograms are used to understand ancestry that goes back thousands–even millions–of years! Jun 19, 2021 · Cladogram Definition. 2a–2d). Constructa cladogram on the template to represent a model of the evolutionary relatedness among the bear species based on the differences in LYST protein sequences (Table 1). The idea here is that, all other things being equal, a simple hypothesis (e. Make A Cladogram Lab Answer Key Dorith De. Blast Lab AP Biology Lab NotebookBy Stephanie Strong. 5a), it is clear that the greediness of the algorithm has resulted in over counting cladogram cost. To which species, Denisovans or Neanderthals, are modern humans more closely related? Layout and select Slanted Cladogram. wustl. Given a distance matrix Jul 31, 2017 · R phylogenetics is built on the contributed packages for phylogenetics in R, and there are many such packages. Creately diagrams can be exported and added to Word, PPT (powerpoint), Excel, Visio or any other document. agatharights. Vmware workstation 7 serial keygen generator. ggtree is an R package that extends ggplot2 for visualizating and annotating phylogenetic trees with their covariates and other associated data. Jul 24, 2020 · Once the lecture on anatomy, classification and evolution are covered students then complete the "create a cladogram activity. edu Generate a cladogram from the above matrix in the space below. Choose 4 everyday objects from a group and generate a cladogram. Introduction. A matrix chart or diagram is a project management and planning tool used to analyze and understand the relationships between data sets. Mar 25, 2010 · Cladogram Generator. Jan 10, 2020 · A cladogram is a type of diagram that shows hypothetical relationships between groups of organisms. Cladograms are used to understand ancestry that goes back thousands–even millions–of years! Jan 11, 2017 · Cladograms are a way for us to observe and analyze characteristics and evolutionary change between two phylums. When optimized under DO with indel cost 2 and base substitution cost 1, the cladogram cost is 5 weighted steps. Use the following data table to construct a cladogram of the major plant groups. , Dudley, J. A cladogram is a diagram used to represent a hypothetical relationship between groups of animals, called a phylogeny. Make A Cladogram Lab Answer 128 199 87 59. The term Phylogenetic or Phylogeny is derived from the ancient Greek word, which refers to race, origin or lineage. ) Sep 01, 2018 · Happy to help, ironically the largest cladogram I have made so far was on dragons, yes you read that correctly fictional dragons. Phylogenetic trees (i. As an example, we only use the highest 200 abundant taxa in the tree and 50 differential features. for every i, j, and k. Cladogram [classic] Use Creately’s easy online diagram editor to edit this diagram, collaborate with others and export results to multiple image formats. The PAST cladistics package is adequate for education and initial data exploration, but for more serious work we recommend a specialized program for systematics (Paup, TNT etc. " Students are given a bag of nails, screws, and bolts which they must seperate and make observations about the characters of each item. The Common Tree display shows a hierarchical view of the relationships among the taxa and their lineages. cladogram generator from matrix Student then must determine the important derived characters and generate a matrix and cladogram. Other options are: 1. You decide to study the major clades of vertebrates shown in the leftmost column of the table below. Blast Lab Procedure - Random Work. 0s, 10,000 matrices were derived from each matrix by sampling with replacement. The tree structure illustrates the relationships between Feb 08, 2017 · After you’ve loaded your tree in R, visualization is really simple. Upload your data file: Or paste your raw data here (load example of sequences or alignment or distance matrix or tree) Note: data nature (single sequence, set of sequences, alignment, tree, matrix, ) and format are automatically recognized. 99), the tree built from the matrix may be incorrect. Distance-Based Methods: The most popular distance-based methods are the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA), neighbor joining (NJ) and those that optimize the additivity of a distance tree (FM and ME) [2]. 1. Based on the cladogram below, which of the following is true? A phylogenetic tree depicting the genetic relationship between eels, fish, sharks, and birds. the command line phylomatic program that is bundled with phylocom. mark " x " if the organism has a trait. 6. (6) supertrees -- combining different trees, e. What could the world look like if. Any matrix A or U that uniquely defines a tree can be represented (Fig. , Nei, M. Circle This video tutorial accompanies Chapter 4 of 'Genetics: Genes, Genomes, and Evolution' by Meneely, Hoang, Okeke, and Heston. Comparing sister clades within one cladogram: The shape of evolution In order to address various questions in both micro- and macro-evolution, we need to address issues such as the symmetry of balance of trees. The matrix edge contains the beginning and ending node number for all the nodes and tips in the tree. Such analysis is es- Apr 25, 2000 · Using paup 3. Or 2. Laboratory 4 - CLADISTIC ANALYSIS. Choose the taxa. In the past, biologists would group organisms based solely Evolution & Nature of Science Institutes (ENSI/SENSI) Lesson Plan: Making Cladograms 6 KEY TO THE CLADOGRAM: The resulting cladogram should look something like the one shown below (with or without the vertical “TIME” axis and horizontal “# OF SHARED CHARACTERISTICS”. Starting out with a character matrix allows us to determine synapomorphies and apomorphies between theses two group, allowing us to construct the cladogram (Reece). The clades are the branches that indicate Abstract. Along any path from the root to the leaf, the numbers labelling the cladogram (Fig. They help project managers identify how information is related as well as the strength of those relationships. In preparation for your lab read, pp. For the animals on the table, indicate whether the characteristic is present or not. This is limited to smaller output trees. A phylogeny is a branch of Biology that specially deals with Phylogenesis. Constructing A Cladogram The Biology Corner. , MEGA: A biologist ‐ centric software for evolutionary analysis of DNA and protein sequences. My cladogram consisted of various phylums from the Animal solution for fill out the character matrix below and create a cladogram based on the matrix. Essential is to generate one selected tree, based on whatever support criteria, upon which to optimize the characters and states from the original data matrix. The root is initial ancestor that is common to all groups branching off from it. This idea is based on Occam's Razor (13th (6) supertrees -- combining different trees, e. Step 1: Pick Organisms for Your Cladogram. g. A cladogram is the graphical representation of the hypothetical relationship (phylogenetic relationship) between different groups of organisms. The final phylogeny calculated from the Figure 1 data is shown in Figure 3. It is available from Bioconductor. This instructable will show you step by step how to make one, and how to avoid confusing derived traits with ancestral ones. Quiz Amp Worksheet Cladograms And Phylogenetic Trees. 1 view the use of Wagner trees in cladistic biogeography as simply a computational device to generate area cladograms. You can insert a picture of a hand-drawn cladogram or create it on MS Word or PowerPoint using design tools (i. 08/09/2021 3 Clustal Omegaresults —alignments 13 Clustal Omegaresults —phylogenetic tree The cladogram is a type of phylogenetic tree that allows you to visualize the evolutionary Jan 19, 2022 · When the rectangle cladogram displays, go to the menu Tools > Layout and select Slanted Cladogram. CLADOGRAM ANALYSIS KEY The Biology Corner. Based on your arrangement of the taxa, indicate where each character changed (assuming 0 is the ancestral state) on the branches of the cladogram using lines labelled 1 through 8. For each pair of objects i and; in a tree, a/; or u/; is defined as the sum of branch lengths along the path connecting these two objects. Bootstrap Analysis is a common tool in cladistics, and consequently many authors tend to believe that it could be close to a test of monophyly. Cladistics is distinguished from other taxonomic classification systems because it focuses on evolution (rather than focusing on similarities between species), and because it places heavy emphasis on objective, quantitative analysis. install the Phylomatic Web Service on your own local computer or server. So for anyone looking to learn more @The Amateur Paleontologist @WhodamanHD, it was a great project and forced me to become much better with cladistics. Def: Given D a symmetric matrix n by n of real numbers; an ultrametric tree for D is a rooted tree T with the following properties: 1. In fact, it is only a procedure to calculate the redundancy of a certain character pattern among taxa. So fill the matrix with a bunch of 0s and 1s; if you want to go really crazy, you can even add some 2s. The latter evaluate all possible trees and seek for the one that optimizes the evolution. The "best" tree is selected based on: (a) Parsimony Principle - the simplest (requires the fewest evolutionary changes with the fewest number of homoplasies - see below) one is the best. The ggtree Package. It is a branching representation that portrays a cladistic Reconstructing trees: A simple example. Bokehheat provides a python3, bokeh based, interactive boolean data, categorical data, numerical data, dendrogram, and heatmap plotting implementation. , just four evolutionary changes) is more likely to be true than […] A cladogram is similar to a family tree because it shows generational relationships. Thereafter, the clades of the consensus cladogram were compared with the appropriate Further Reading • Kumar, S. Hi all, I want to generate a simple cladogram of the plants I have encountered in the field to get a visual of their phylogenetic relationships. ). Even royal families (who are particularly interested in their ancestry!) only go back about 500 years or so. , evolutionary tree or cladogram) are branching diagrams illustrating the evolutionary relationships among taxa. L AB 21 – Using Bioinf ormatics to Inv estigate Mar 01, 2016 · The table is an abbreviated example of the matrix used to generate the input files of MIX and TNT to produce the maximum parsimony phylogenetic cladogram of Figure 3. The cladogram generator GraPhIAn was used for 16S data visualization. Each internal node of T is labelled by one entry from D and has at least 2 children 3. (Note that many vertebrate lineages are excluded from this example for the sake of simplicity. Application of UPGMA Clustering Technique. determine the iden What is a cladogram used to do? a. To get the most recent CRAN version of these packages, you will need to have R 3. Fill out the following character matrix. We only show the full taxonomic label at Phylum level and use letters at other levels to reduce the text overlap. The inspiration for this algorithm comes from considering Venn diagram representations of taxon– area cladograms as strings of hierarchically organized char-acters. In the past, biologists would group organisms based solely 1. The new matrices were subjected to parsimony analysis, and a consensus cladogram of the most parsimonious cladograms was computed using a confidence region of 70% . Most family trees, however, only go back a few generations. An evolutionary tree is a visual demonstration of the evolution of species from its point of origin. • Create graphic representations of the relationships between the different species (Cladograms) • Analyze proteins sequences using BLAST and Biology Workbench Introduction: In this lab activity students will make use of molecular evidence to research the evolutionary relationships of different organisms. You may have to register before you can post: click the register link above to proceed. P age 1 of 12. There are too many taxa in this dataset. , and Tamura, K. Student then must determine the important derived characters and generate a matrix Mar 25, 2010 · Cladogram Generator. Www Anderson K12 Ky Us. Select a second taxon–area cladogram. Make A Cladogram Lab Answers Nazhina Com. (Examples of groups would be automobiles, things with engines, hair care products, cleaning supplies, etc. Fig. Oct 01, 2019 · Clustal Omega is a multiple sequence alignment program that uses seeded guide trees and HMM profile-profile techniques to generate alignments between three or more sequences. Cladogram Make Sense Of Data''BIOL 202 LAB 6 Cladistics amp Animal Classification May 1st, 2018 - LAB 6 Cladistics amp Animal Classification The answer to this question is easily First you make a character state matrix and then you will make your cladogram' 'ACTIVITY TELEPHONE CLADOGRAMS MR DOC S ONLINE LAB PART II - Create Your Own Cladogram. A diagonal Nov 01, 2021 · The best/easiest option is now to use the standalone CLI version. This value results from a comparison of three neighbors of matrix cell (i, j): the cell to the immediate left (i, j 2 11), directly above (i 2 1, j), and diagonal above and to the left (i 2 1, j 2 1). Reconstructing trees: A simple example. A phylogenetic tree is a diagrammatic representation of the development of biological species. Using the information above, and information from our work in class, draw a cladogram and clearly label at least one, preferably two characteristics that separate each phylum we have studied. To build a cladogram one must take into account all of these traits and compare them among Jun 19, 2021 · Cladogram Definition. , using Brooks parsimony (called "matrix representation" in the literature). E. If the input data is not recognized or if the conversion is not available for the selected output mismatch-scoring matrix. Prime Specimen. Pick four to six organisms to be in your cladogram. likelihood). Ask Question. c. Student then must determine the important derived characters and generate a matrix Cladogram Activity Objective: To learn how to construct a cladogram. First identify the off-diagonal element of the distance matrix with the lower value. Such analysis is es- Dec 03, 2005 · FAQ; Today's Posts; Forum; General Interest; DNA and Genealogy for Beginners; If this is your first visit, be sure to check out the FAQ by clicking the link above. You can easily turn your tree into a cladogram with the branch. The distribution of apomorphies on the cladogram would usu-ally be derived from the same analysis, but it would not have to be the case (apomorphies could be optimized on Jul 31, 2017 · R phylogenetics is built on the contributed packages for phylogenetics in R, and there are many such packages. Phylogenetic tree building and analyzing without juggling files Simply select any alignment in Geneious Prime and your choice of algorithm to generate your phylogenetic tree with simple one click methods. You can use this to make an overhead for subsequent class discussion. From the downpass states (Fig. Figure 2. To make a cladogram, you must first look at the animals you are studying and establish characteristics that they share and ones that are unique to each group. Cladograms and dichotomous keys? The free, easy to use meme generator. Extensive shape libraries for over 50 types of diagrams including food webs, dichotomous keys, phylogenetic trees, and more. [see also Bio2900 webpage for Topic 11] Cladistic Choose "Common Tree" from the Display pull down menu. A team of scientists has uncovered The interactive distance matrix viewer allows you to rapidly calculate meaningful statistics for phylogenetics analysis. Since I am sure to get a question or two, the tree was made How to Build a Cladogram. Indicate using sequential numbers where the evidence for this cladogram is in your phylogenetic trees and character matrix. This is difficult to describe so look at the example matrix and cladogram below and then just give it a try, and ask for help if you get An exle of a typical cladogram and phylogenetic tree. A cladogram is used by a scientist studying phylogenetic systematics to visualize the groups of organisms being compared, how they are related, and their most common ancestors. When the matrix is completely reduced, the calculation is finished. Does anybody know if there's a free Cladogram In this video, I am explaining how to build a cladogram for a simple datamatrix. by inserting shapes). By analyzing the massive data associated with the keyword Cladogram Generator ,. Multiple Sequence Alignment and RaXml, Pairwise Sequence Alignment and Ninja. Jul 19, 2021 · Construct a cladogram, similar to that shown in figure 7. ) and should include (1) the data matrix, (2) the N-J and UPGMA phenograms, (3) the cladogram or consensus cladogram (or additional tree derived from successive weighting - optional), and (4) at least 2 pages (typed, single spaced) on "Systematic Analysis". Course: Insect Biology (BIOL 330) Name: AP Biology – Lab 21. Create A Cladogram SERC. The 4 / 33 Apr 25, 2000 · Using paup 3. )Roec OF Generate a cladogram from the above matrix in the space below. biology. Add a tree scale. phlogenetic tree generator Oct 30, 2016 · Cladograms. ) How to Build a Cladogram. L AB 21 – Using Bioinf ormatics to Inv estigate 4. This video may be used for educational purposes only. manufacturing systems. It produces biologically meaningful multiple sequence alignments of divergent sequences. Label the position of the synapomorphies. eye s spin es fe et www. D A and B are the least related Dec 04, 2021 · Use the character matrix to place taxa A-F on the blank cladogram in the most parsimonious arrangement (the fewest number of changes in character state). 1) in the form of either a cladogram (=additive tree) or a dendrogram ^ultra-metric tree). Matrix charts compare two or more groups of elements or elements within a single group. 5) using the data generated from the new data matrix (11 marks) - 1 mark for each taxon/character on the cladogram. Start by grouping the pairs that have the most shared derived traits and then linking groups together. 26 - 30 and 437 - 446 of your text, Evolutionary Analysis Second Edition by Freeman and Herron, paying particular attention to Box 13. Based on that chart, create a cladogram like the one pictured above. Animals that share a branching point are included in the same taxon. I’m also working on a native R interface. 1,765. It is used in the phylogenetic analysis of organisms to determine the evolutionary relationship between them. T contains n leaves, each labelled by a unique row D 2. Thereafter, the clades of the consensus cladogram were compared with the appropriate Choose any taxon–area cladogram from the set of taxon–area cladograms to be analysed and determine its elements. It is based on PHYLOGENY , which is the study of evolutionary relationships. May 19, 2021 · BokehHeat Abstract. 42. length = “none” parameter. Oct 31, 2002 · The process is repeated on the reduced comparison matrix, resulting in a smaller matrix with each cycle. Use half this value as the height of a node which merges C and D. Apr 28, 2017 · Cladogram Definition. Feb 01, 2021 · cladogram generator from matrix Student then must determine the important derived characters and generate a matrix and cladogram. Generate a cladogram from the above matrix in the space below. Phylogenetic trees can be constructed based on species’ genes and/or on traits. This is difficult to describe so look at the example matrix and cladogram below and then just give it a try, and ask for help if you get cladogram generator from matrix Student then must determine the important derived characters and generate a matrix and cladogram. Jun 01, 1990 · Wagner Parsimony in Biogeography THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RULES AND ALGORITHMS There is a difference between rules for the construction of area cladograms, and the algorithms that optimize cladograms for that rule. A cladogram is a tree structure capable of representing the evolutionary history of a group of. Aug 17, 2021 · Cladograms show possible evolutionary relationships, and in order to build and interpret these visual tools, we first need to understand key differences. Parsimony Analysis (cladistic) Warning: the cladistics package in PAST is fully operational, but lacking in comprehensive functionality. cladograms be converted into matrices, nor does it require two-stage analysis. Name: _____ AP Biology – Lab 21 Use the above matrix to draw a cladogram depicting the phylogenetic relationships among all seven species. The ggtree function directly plots a tree and support several layouts, such as rectangular, circular, slanted, cladogram, time-scaled, etc. Cladograms are a way for us to observe and analyze characteristics and evolutionary change between two phylums. Organism Mosses ine Trees lowering Plants erns Total Vascular Flowers Seeds Tissue (14) M6S. Jan 01, 2017 · The NONAME software [16] has been used to generate the shortest cladogram, which is shown in Fig. This report will be part of your laboratory (20 pts. resultant distance matrix. eye s spin es fe et ante na Long eyes. Key aspects of a cladogram are the root, clades, and nodes. Simple to use drag and drop tools to easily visualize phylogenetic relationships and create cladograms effortlessly. Figure 7. 1 and Figure 13. x installed on your computer! For help on how to use cladograms in Wikipedia, see Help:Cladograms A horizontal cladogram, with the ancestor (not named) to the left If the distance matrix contains a lot of infinite distances (represented by 999. $ 5. In some cases, you can create a better distance matrix. com/academic/p Cladistics is the hierarchical classification of species based on evolutionary ancestry. The host phylogeny corresponds to a general area cladogram, the parasite phylogeny to a phylogeny of a group of organisms inhabiting those areas, and the association matrix to a distribution matrix specifying for each area whether a species occurs in the area (1) or is absent (0) (Fig. Thus, it is a graphical representation of a data analysis, not a picture of a hypothetical evolutionary chronicle. Post Mar 25, 2010 #1 2010-03-25T05:57. determine the iden How to Make a Cladogram : 10 Steps - Instructables How to Make a Cladogram. The algorithm uses the string input to build a tree-like Jan 01, 2017 · The NONAME software [16] has been used to generate the shortest cladogram, which is shown in Fig. Make drawings of your animals. The cladogram also shows a new arrangement of the outputs which is used to reorder columns and rows of the ODSM. This will make it easier to construct the cladogram. A cladogram is constructed by identifying points at which two groups diverged. substitution matrix evolutionary relationship systematics INTRODUCTION Phylogenetic analysis is a standard and es-sential tool in any molecular biologist’s bioin-formatics toolkit that, in the context of pro-tein sequence analysis, enables us to study the evolutionary history and change of pro-teins and their function. 2. Multiple cladogram templates to quickly start analyzing how groups of organisms are related to each other. A diagonal Dec 03, 2005 · FAQ; Today's Posts; Forum; General Interest; DNA and Genealogy for Beginners; If this is your first visit, be sure to check out the FAQ by clicking the link above. Even though it is obviously more efficient to posit two insertions (A A matrix chart or diagram is a project management and planning tool used to analyze and understand the relationships between data sets. The page will re-load with a Common Tree display. e. Biology 2900 EVOLUTION Winter 2001. PART I – Using BLAST . Mark an “X” if an organism has the trait. Jan 05, 2021 · Cladogram generator from matrix Cladogram generator from matrix. The distribution of apomorphies on the cladogram would usu-ally be derived from the same analysis, but it would not have to be the case (apomorphies could be optimized on Upload your data file: Or paste your raw data here (load example of sequences or alignment or distance matrix or tree) Note: data nature (single sequence, set of sequences, alignment, tree, matrix, ) and format are automatically recognized. From this data table, you should first construct a table similar to the one in Question 5 below. The exception to this could be the organism in the outgroup, as the outgroup is meant to be used as a point of comparison against the other organisms. To build a cladogram one must take into account all of these traits and compare them among A cladogram is similar to a family tree because it shows generational relationships. You can edit this template and create your own diagram. Will all correct cladograms be the same? Why or why not? 2. Now we’ll go through a simple example based on the steps just described. Ann Serkie Generate a cladogram from the above matrix in the space below. Cladogram Generator Free 10+ 0 0. Cladistics Lab Biology Junction. Choose any taxon–area cladogram from the set of taxon–area cladograms to be analysed and determine its elements. 6 Cladogram Showing Vertebrate Phylogeny. NOVA Online Teachers Classroom Activity Missing Link. Controls on the Common Tree allow expanding / collapsing nodes, choosing a Cladogram. 3. Compare your cladogram with others in the class. A cladogram resembles a tree, with branches off a main trunk. What is a cladogram used to do? a. Lab #4 - Cladistics. accurate representation of information contained in taxon-area cladograms. 7, presenting a total of 14 possible granularity levels, each level corresponds to a splitting point of two branches on the tree. . To verify the accuracy of CGHExtractor, we carried out the calculations manually using the MATCH function of Microsoft Excel, which returned the same results as CGHExtractor. 9. A team of scientists has uncovered Oct 25, 2018 · Now we can build the tree by shrinking the distance matrix by one row and column at a time. Evolutionary relationships can be seen via viewing Cladograms or Phylograms. The cladogram is derived from Greek words clados and gramma where What is a cladogram? It is a diagram that depicts evolutionary relationships among groups. . To demonstrate this, we set up a study with questionable data: Four skulls of great apes Title the cladogram with the name of the gene of interest and print the page to be turned in with the rest of the questions. Vertebrate data matrix (for you to complete). Does anybody know if there's a free Cladogram How to Make a Cladogram: Nearly every biology student has heard of cladistics and cladograms, however, cladograms can be difficult to construct. Form an initial hypothesis as to Then, we show the cladogram of the differential features in the taxonomic tree. oup. https://global. Use the above matrix to draw a cladogram depicting the phylogenetic relationships among all seven species. During the wavefront update of the matrix, each cell in the matrix is assigned a new value (Fig. 5 pts. Sometimes a cladogram is called a phylogenetic tree (though technically, there are minor differences between the two). 1 The Cladogram. Background: Cladograms are diagrams that we use to show phylogenies. Analyzing the cladogram The computer program will generate one, or perhaps many, cladograms that fit the data